Highly-sensitive PCR-based method to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants

A team of UK-based scientists has recently developed an allele-specific probe polymerase chain reaction method that can accurately detect different variants/lineages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in respiratory samples. Furthermore, the method can detect viral variants even in samples with low viral RNA or degraded viral RNA. The study is currently available on the medRxiv* preprint server.

Background

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major public health crisis, with over 249 million infections and more than 5 million deaths. Despite rapid development and deployment of potential vaccines, a continuous rise in pandemic trajectory has been observed globally. This could be due to the emergence of new viral variants with multiple spike mutations that make the virus resistant to antibody-mediated neutralization. Thus, rapid and accurate detection of viral variants is important to tract viral transmission and assess risk.

Whole-genome next-generation sequencing methods are considered the golden standard for detecting viral variants. Viral samples used in these methods must have good quality and a high level of viral RNA. However, samples collected from patients at the later phase of infection often contain a low level of viral RNA. Moreover, rapid degradation of RNA could occur due to the mishandling of samples during transport and storage. These factors could essentially limit the widespread use of next-generation sequencing methods.

In the current study, the scientists have developed a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method that can detect viral variants even in samples with low viral RNA content or degraded RNA.

The method

The method is called allele-specific probe PCR. It utilizes two fluorescently-labeled probes with differential binding affinities that target variant-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in the SARS-CoV-2 genome.

The scientists utilized this method to detect viral variants in two groups of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In a trial conducted in the UK, they analyzed 717 respiratory samples by allele-specific probe PCR to detect the alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the spike mutation D1118H. In another trial conducted in Brazil, they analyzed 365 samples by this method to detect P1 and P2 variants by targeting the spike mutation K417T and open reading frame 1a (ORF1a) mutation L3468V, respectively.

Furthermore, they compared the sensitivity and specificity of allele-specific probe PCR method with next-generation sequencing methods in both trials.

Performance of ASP-PCR and NGS in REMAP-CAP trial Panel A) Probit regression of likelihood of lineage designation success for ASP-PCR, NGS – SNP, and NGS – Pangolin derived from REMAP-CAP samples. B) Percentage difference between probit regression typing success rates for ASP-PCR vs NGS – SNP or NGS – Pangolin. C-E) Individual method performance on REMAP-CAP samples. Fractions on top indicate total samples in one log data bins.

Important observations

The analysis of samples from both trials revealed that the allele-specific probe PCR method has a 25% higher ability than the next-generation sequencing method to detect viral variants in samples with a wide range of viral loads.

The analysis of samples with degraded viral RNA revealed that the quality of RNA does not affect the functionality of the allele-specific probe PCR method. It could effectively sequence 95% of degraded samples, while the next-generation sequencing method could sequence only 0 – 11% of degraded samples.

Performance of ASP-PCR and NGS in COV003 trial Panel A) Probit regression of likelihood of lineage designation success for ASP-PCR, NGS – SNP, and NGS – Pangolin derived from COV003 samples with 95% confidence intervals. B) Percentage difference between probit regression typing success rates for ASP-PCR vs NGS – SNP or NGS – Pangolin. C-E) Individual method performance on COV003 samples. Numbers above indicate total samples in one log data bins.

Importantly, both allele-specific probe PCR and next-generation sequencing methods showed 99% comparability in detecting viral variants. Moreover, the allele-specific probe PCR method showed 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the alpha variant, 90% sensitivity and 95% specificity for the P1 variant, and 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity for the P2 variant.

Impact of Degraded RNA in COV003 Samples on Method Performance Panel A) Probit regression of likelihood of lineage designation success for ASP-PCR, NGS – SNP, and NGS – Pangolin derived from degraded COV003 samples with 95% confidence intervals. NGS – SNP failed to type any samples with low genome coverage. B) Probit regression of likelihood of lineage designation success for ASP-PCR, NGS – SNP, and NGS – Pangolin derived from nondegraded COV003 samples with 95% confidence intervals. For A) and B), black box indicates viral loads >106 IU/mL. C) Genome coverage of COV003 samples plotted vs sample viral load. Samples with <= 20,000 bases with >= 2 reads and viral load > 106 IU/mL were defined as degraded (red box). D-F) Individual method performance on COV003 degraded and nondegraded samples. Numbers above indicate total samples in one log data bins.

A probit regression analysis was conducted to predict the functionality of the allele-specific probe PCR method over a sample population. The findings revealed that the method has the highest superiority over the next-generation sequencing method for detecting viral variants in samples with Ct values between 26-30. The allele-specific probe PCR method was predicted to sequence 96% of these samples effectively, while the next-generation sequencing method was predicted to sequence only 30 – 40% of these samples.

Study significance

The study describes the development of an allele-specific probe PCR method that is 99% effective as next-generation sequencing methods to detect viral variants in respiratory samples. Importantly, this new method can successfully discriminate between variants in samples with a low level of viral RNA or degraded viral RNA. Another advantage is that the method can be easily modified to target new single nucleotide polymorphisms that may arise in the SARS-CoV-2 genome in the future.

*Important notice

medRxiv publishes preliminary scientific reports that are not peer-reviewed and, therefore, should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or treated as established information.

Journal reference:

Ratcliff JD. 2021. Highly-Sensitive Lineage Discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 Variants through Allele-Specific Probe Polymerase Chain Reaction. MedRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.21265384v1

Posted in: Device / Technology News | Medical Research News | Disease/Infection News

Tags: Allele, Antibody, Bases, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Disease COVID-19, CT, Genome, Mutation, Nucleotide, Pandemic, Polymerase, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Public Health, Respiratory, RNA, SARS, SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Syndrome, Virus

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Written by

Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta

Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta is a science communicator who believes in spreading the power of science in every corner of the world. She has a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree and a Master's of Science (M.Sc.) in biology and human physiology. Following her Master's degree, Sanchari went on to study a Ph.D. in human physiology. She has authored more than 10 original research articles, all of which have been published in world renowned international journals.

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