Allergies and many other types of immune system-related diseases originate from an interplay of complex chemical pathways that affect cell behavior, distribution, and development. One prominent example is the CCL17/TARC chemokine, a protein that contributes to allergy by attracting certain types of white blood cells, such as T cells and eosinophils. Despite the important and proven roles of CCL17/TARC in allergic diseases like contact dermatitis, not much is known about the transcription factors (proteins that regulate gene expression) involved in regulating the expression of the CCL17 gene.
To address this knowledge gap, a team of scientists from Japan conducted a detailed study, the results of which were published in Allergy, focusing on PU.1, a transcription factor known to regulate gene expression in various types of immune cells. Prof. Chiharu Nishiyama from Tokyo University of Science (TUS), who headed the study, explains why they targeted this specific protein explains that “A long time ago, we discovered that forced expression of PU.1 in certain types of blood cell lineages causes them to change into dendritic cells. Since then, I have developed a deep interest in the fact that PU.1 is a master transcription factor that regulates dendritic cell differentiation and gene expression.”
The team conducted a series of detailed experiments to clarify, at the molecular level, the relationship that exists between CCL17, PU.1, and other associated transcription factors and promoters. They relied on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), or short chains of nucleotides that interrupt the translation process (making proteins from a copied DNA segment into RNA) of a target protein with great precision, for their study.
After targeting PU.1 with siRNAs in dendritic cell cultures, they observed a decrease in expression not only for PU.1 and CCL17 but also IRF4 and IRF8, two partner molecules of PU.1.
Through further experiments in cell cultures followed by computational analysis, the team found that IRF4 and PU.1 work together synergistically to activate the transcription (copying of a DNA segment into RNA) of TARC in dendritic cells through the regulatory region of the CCL17 gene. Although this regulatory mechanism appears to be preserved across mammals, the scientists also discovered that the human CCL17 gene contains an additional promoter that is activated in keratinocytes, the most common type of cell found in the outermost layer of our skin.
Finally, the scientists tested the effects of PU.1 suppression in vivo using an asthmatic mouse as a model. They found that a simple intranasal administration of PU.1 siRNA helped reduce TARC secretion and the associated infiltration of white blood cells into the bronchioles, effectively reducing the extent of inflammation in the lungs.
These results highlight the importance of PU.1 in inflammatory processes and immune diseases and could pave the way to novel treatments. “I find it encouraging that we were able to report both basic research on genes as well as an applied approach that could lead to treatment for hyperimmune responses, such as contact hypersensitivity and asthma,” comments Prof. Nishiyama.
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